Saturday, June 30, 2012

UNIVERSE HAS COORDINATING SYSTEMS AND SUPER-CONSCIOUSNESS WHICH DRIVES AND SHAPES EVERYTHING ------ By Arbind Kumar, Ph.D.


The present study implies that the two parts of nature, biological universe and physical universe, are intimately correlated, a fact which has always been overlooked. The investigation points out a definite correlation between the organizational plan of DNA molecule and cell during organic evolution and the organizational plan of our Solar System during inorganic evolution. The following equation showing the correlation between the genetic code and the apparent motion of the Sun, due to Earth’s revolution around the Sun, has been derived by me during the present investigation.

.
               64 – As                            339
         -----------------       =        ---------------
                  20                                 107.65

Where,  64 = Number of codons
              20 = Number of amino acids
              As = Astromolecular constant i.e. 1.013, derived during the present
                      Investigation

             339 = Number of disks of Sun to measure its apparent path along the ecliptic in    
                        Celestial sphere between the two equinoxes
.     
            107.65 = Average distance of the Sun in terms of its own diameter
            All living organisms on the earth share the same 64 codons and 20 amino acids.

The above equation correlates the molecular data with the astronomical data implying a common organizational plan of the DNA molecule and our Solar System probably due to the influence of a common governing force i.e. Sun’s large gravitational force. Also the nebula shaped like DNA and biomolecule DNA both might have been formed and shaped under the influence of universal gravity. The genetic code made up of DNA, acts as an intracellular computer for the structure and physiology of the cell and governs the embryonic development leading to the formation of the body plan of the organisms. The data of the present investigation clearly show that the microscopical numbers i.e. the number of codons of the genetic code, number of amino acids which are common to all organisms, are functions of the astronomical numbers as shown in the above equation derived. The genetic code works as an intracellular computer which governs the organization of the cell and nucleus and the phylogenetic evolution of living organisms. This intimate correlation found between the biological and physical universe during the present investigation, and the electron microscopic structures of different types of cells and tissues observed during my studies and their comparison with telescopic pictures of the universe taken by me and many astronomers, have led me to hypothesize that the physical universe is like a living system or organism.
 The phenomenon of accretion of gas onto a massive black hole at the galactic center and the jets of material ejected from the accretion disc around a black hole, which expand and decay over a few days, or the explosion of supernovae and their remnants may be analogous with the biological phenomena inside living organisms like secretion of substances used by the body. The process of stellar nucleosynthesis and formation of stars in the nebulae may be analogous to the synthesis of substances in the living organisms. Pulsating system and phenomenon of pulsations observed in the universe like stellar pulsations are analogous to pulsating system in the body like pulsations of arteries in tune with the heartbeat. These analogies existing on the two different scales of space and time might appear unrelated initially. So, in my opinion all the activities observed in the universe are its life activities like vital activities of our bodies. The universe has two coordination systems like human body which brings integration in the whole universe. The two systems – Neural Coordination and Chemical Coordination which controls and integrates the different activities and structures of human body, may also be controlling and integrating various structures and activities in the universe. The telescopic pictures of the universe observed  by me and many astronomers very much resemble the microscopic pictures of the nervous system particularly brain, observed during my present investigation. Astronomers have taken the pictures of interconnecting filaments of star clusters and clusters of galaxies that form the texture of the universe and connect our Galaxy to the vast expanse of the universe. One of these filaments of groups of galaxies and star clusters surrounded by immense voids is considered like the umbilical cord that fed our Galaxy during its youth. These filaments of clusters and superclusters of galaxies, arms of spiral galaxies and other such trabecular strand structures in the universe resemble the branches (dendrites and axons) of the nerve cells of brain in particular and of nervous system in general. DNA, the blueprint of all living organisms on the earth, is involved in all vital functions like protein synthesis and production of energy. The ultimate result of these vital activities is consciousness. Similarly the blueprint of the universe may be producing matter & energy which along with other activities of the universe might result in large scale consciousness i.e. super-consciousness. In my opinion, this super-consciousness is the driving force of everything in this universe. From tiny world of atom to the vastness of universe, there are integrated levels of organization including all living organisms. The whole universe is a living entity or organism and we are like microorganisms or micromolecules or macromolecules. Evolution of life is progressing through different levels of dimensions and the universe is the highest dimension of life with super-consciousness which drives and shapes everything. We are all small and ephemeral part of greater and eternal living entity, the ultimate living universe. The organization of life is key to the organization of physical universe. The correlation of the genetic code (DNA) with the Solar System in particular and with the universe in general observed during my present investigation clearly implies that coding of DNA molecule has been very meticulously planned and regulated, because DNA has evolved in a four dimensional space-time continuum which is influenced,curved and distorted by gravity.
 I propose that knowing the biology better will solve the mysteries of the universe better. Sometimes it is Big-bang hypothesis and sometimes Contraction hypothesis; redshift and blueshift. My alternative hypothesis is that the universe is living, conscious and it has a thinking mind, and so follows the rules of life including growth and decay. Because the universe is a living system, it is aging naturally. The abnormal activities observed in the universe indicates its senility. Like living organisms the universe will one day die down. The advent of new generation of astronomical instruments opens new windows for the astronomers and may call for major revisions in the standard view of cosmology. My proposition is that an extensive and well co-ordinated work between different types of microscopes and telescopes could be able to reveal more mysteries enveloping the microcosm and macrocosm and thus bridging further the gaps between the disciplines like biology, chemistry, physics and astronomy. (Excerpts from my published research paper "EVOLUTION AND RELATION OF MICROCOSM AND MACROCOSM" with edition).



Full Paper: (Published)

EVOLUTION AND RELATION OF MICROCOSM AND MACROCOSM

ARBIND KUMAR
P.G. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
PATNA UNIVERSITY
PATNA




ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE :
DR. ARBIND KUMAR
ASSOCIATE  PROFESSOR
P.G. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
PATNA UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE COLLEGE CAMPUS
PATNA – 800005
Email – arbindpu@gmail.com
                     arbindkr7@rediffmail.com
Ph – 2302002(R), 2670970 (O)
9572288939(Mb)


Keywords : Evolution, Life, cell, Universe, DNA, Gravitation, Microscopes, Telescopes,Astronomy,Einstein,Theory of Relativity

ABSTRACT
                  A lot of work has been done in the domain of origin, evolution and structure of universe and life on the earth. However, little has been done to find a relationship between the microscopic organization of living organisms and astronomical organization. The present investigation points out a definite correlation between the organizational plan of DNA molecule and cell during organic evolution and the organizational plan of our Solar System during inorganic evolution. The practical applicability of astronomy is often questioned, but the present findings indicate that it has got a direct bearing on the modern humans spearheading the biological evolution which still continues.


INTRODUCTION
                       The problem of origin, evolution and structure of the universe and life on the Earth has been an intriguing and exciting questions for the scientists. Nicolaus Copernicus, a star-struck physician, was the first who gave the modern concept of our Solar System followed by Kepler, and Galileo who made a great contribution to astronomy by construction of the telescope. Thereafter a lot has been done in the domain of the origin and structure of the Solar System. Today astronomers with the help of both ground-based and space observatories have gone much beyond our Solar System to explore the origin, evolution and structural organization of the universe, galaxies and cluster of galaxies – their all objects including mysterious supermassive black holes, the giant globular cluster of stars, every kind of star, regions of star formation, exploding novae or supernovae and their remnants, active galactic nuclei (AGNs), BL Lacerate (BL Lacs) and quasi-stellar objects (QSOs), as well as galaxy-spaning halo of hot gas containing the mass of a trillion Suns1-11. Neutrino astronomy is expected to extract more detailed information from some of these celestial objects and make astronomers to see directly into the cores of stars and supernovae. At present there are three principal theories regarding the origin, evolution and structure of the expanding universe – 1. The big-bang explosion,   2. The expansion  -  contraction and  3.  The steady-state theories6, 10, 12 – 14.
                                                             The lower limit set for the age of the Galaxy is 12 x 109  years with an uncertainty of the order of 2-3 x 109  years and the estimated age of the Solar System and so of the Earth is  5 – 4 x 109 years 6, 11, 15. The first indication of primitive life on the Earth occurred just over 3.5 to 3.0x109 years ago6, 16, 17. Oparin18 in his book ‘The origin of Life’ proposed that in prebiotic times spontaneous generation of life would be less difficult if the ocean contained a large amount of complex organic components similar to those present in living organisms. These compounds would serve both as structural components and as the energy source for the first organisms. He also proposed that the Earth had a reducing atmosphere of hydrogen, ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), and water in its early stages, and that organic compounds might be formed under these conditions. Urey19 based his arguments for the reducing atmosphere on the thermodynamic properties of gases in a cosmic dust cloud from which the Solar System was formed. He proposed that organic compounds might be synthesized by ultraviolet radiation and by electrical discharges (lightening) in the reducing atmosphere. Stanley Miller20 performed fundamental experiments using electrical discharges in a flask into which water vapour, H2, CH4 and NH3 had been injected and found that amino acids had formed strongly supporting the above theories. Since then several other steps in the synthesis of organic molecules have been carried out and experiments simulating prebiotic conditions have yielded sugars, fatty acids, nucleic acid bases21 – 23. In continuation of these results, a lot of work on chemical evolution and the origin of life on the Earth has been done so far16, 24, 25. It is speculated that chemical evolution was probably followed by another biological evolution, in which proteins were formed by polymerization of amino acids, and aggregates appeared in the water medium alongwith other organic compounds, called coacervates26. Only after the origin of the genetic code, determined by the sequence of bases in nucleic acids – the first self-reproducing molecule, self-perpetuating cells could have arisen. Thus organization of life first took place at the molecular level e.g. proteins, nucleic acids (Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA and Ribonucleic acid, RNA), then after evolution of first cell on the Earth i.e. prokaryotic cells which did not have distinct organization of nucleus, organization of nucleus took place in eukaryotic cells which evolved from prokaryotic cells27-30. After then, from the lower forms of unicellular living organisms evolved all the higher forms of complex multicellular living organisms spearheaded by Modern humans31, 32. It is now well established fact that the genetic code has played a key role throughout the evolutionary process17,33-35and acted as an intracellular computer in the organization of the cell and nucleus30, 36.
 There are approximately two million different species of organisms known today, at the cellular and molecular levels there is a unique master plan of organization common to all. All organisms have the cells as their basic structural and functional unit, all have essentially the same genetic code made of DNA. There’s also a definite organizational plan in our Solar System and Galaxy, other galaxies and cluster of galaxies, AGNs, BL Lacs and QSOs of the expanding universe as revealed by astrophysical research in every band of the electromagnetic spectrum1 – 11. However, little has been done to investigate a correlation between the microscopic organization of living organism and the astronomical organization. The present investigation suggests a close relationship between the organization of DNA molecule and the cell during organic evolution and the organization of our Solar System during inorganic evolution. The astronomical data have been compared and correlated with the data of DNA molecule and the experimental data obtained through microscopic study of the cells of some organs viz. liver, pancreas, testis and ovary of the guinea pig. The light scanning and transmission electron microscopical studies37, 38 have shown that cells of a particular type are organized together to form a tissue of specialized function and different tissues are organized to form organs to perform a particular function in an organism.

DNA  AND  ASTRONOMY :
The following equation showing the correlation between the genetic code and the apparent motion of the Sun due to Earth’s revolution around the Sun, has been derived by me during the present investigation.
               64 – As                            339
         -----------------       =        ---------------
                  20                                 107.65
Where,   64 = Number of codons
               20 = Number of amino acids
               As = Astromolecular constant
              339 = Number of disks of Sun to measure its apparent path along the ecliptic in        
                        celestial  sphere between two equinoxes
             107.65 = Average distance of the Sun in terms of its own diameter
              
 In 1953, Watson and Crick39 proposed a model of DNA structure which is composed of two helical polynucleotide chains that form a double helix around the same central axis. The two base pairs adenine-thymine (A – T) and Cytosine-Guanine (C – G) are stacked inside the helix in a plane perpendicular to the helical axis. Two hydrogen bonds are formed between A and T, and three are formed between C and G. the average length of five hydrogen bonds, two base pairs and backbone to backbone distance in double helix are shown in Table-1.
 DNA is the genetic material of cells, carrying information in coded form from cell to cell and from parent to offspring. The information contained in DNA is based on 4 nucleotides which is made of 4 bases (A, T, G, C). Cells can translate this four-letter code into 20 amino acids. The codons consist of 3 nucleotides that specify single amino acid. The genetic code consists of  43 = 64  codons. All living organisms share the same 64 codons and 20 amino acids.
We have,

                    64
                  ------        =   3.2                                                                         (1)
                    20

From DNA parameters of  table – 1, we derive the following ‘DNA ratios’


                               a
parameters        -----       =      0.5475                                                             (2)
                               c


                               b
parameters        -----       =      0.2667                                                              (3)
                               a


The average of equation (2) and (3) is equal to 0.4071, and we will call it average ‘DNA ratio’.
                                 Now let us consider the parameters of the planetary model of our Solar System presented in table – 2. The average of r/R ratios of five planets, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn is equal to 0.4126, and we will call it average ‘r/R ratio’. Thus :
                              Average r/R  ratio
                        -------------------------------          =    1.013                                 (4)
                             Average DNA ratio
which is a constant and it will be called as astromolecular constant (as). We know that, average distance of the Moon from the Earth is 3.84 x 1010 cm and diameter of the Moon is 3.52 x 108 cm, so the average distance (EM) that the Moon is in terms of its own diameter from the Earth is equal to 109.09. Average distance of the Earth from the Sun is 1.4964 x 1013 cm and diameter of the Sun is 1.39 x 1011 cm. Hence, the average distance (ES) that the Sun is in terms of its own diameter from the Earth is equal to 107.65. Now  we have,
            EM
         --------         =     1.013                                                                               (5)
             ES
This value is approximately the same as astromolecular constant in equation (4), and is responsible for the rare cosmological events presented by the sight of  Total Solar Eclipses in which the apparent size of the Moon as seen from the Earth almost equals the apparent size of the Sun. we get the following formula from equation (4) and (5),

                   Average  r/R  ratio                                EM
                 --------------------------------              =        -----                                 (6)
                 Average  DNA  ratio                                ES
         
It is interesting to note that   AG/CT   ratio in all DNAs, regardless of the species40 is also in approximation to astromolecular constant.
After plugging the astromolecular constant in the equation (1) in the following way, the equation becomes :  
                 64 – as
              -------------       =        3.149   ≈   π                                    (7)
                    20

Where, 64 is the number of codons in the genetic code and 20 is the number of amino acids which are the same for all living organisms;    as = Astromolecular constant.
It is also known that the astronomical number 339 is the number of disks of the Sun to measure its apparent path along the ecliptic during the vernal and autumnal equinoxes in the celestial sphere. Dividing this number with 107.65 (i.e. ES, the average distance that the Sun is in terms of its own diameter from the Earth), we have :
                      339
                  -------------        =     3.149                                                     (8)
                   107.65

From equation (7) and (8) we get the relation :
   
                 64 – as                                339
               ---------------          =            ------------                                    (9)
                     20                                  107.65

Thus, the formulae (6), (7) and (9) correlates the molecular data with the astronomical data implying a common organizational plan of the DNA molecule and our Solar System probably due to the influence of a common governing force i.e. Sun’s large gravitational force. The Sun keeps the planets in their orbits by its gravitational attraction. Gravitation, a general property of all matter, makes the Earth revolve around the Sun and the Moon around the Earth. Isaac Newton first of all had the idea of gravity as a universal force. In the frame of Einstein’s general theory of relativity, the properties of space, time and gravitation are merged into one harmonious and elegant picture. Albert Einstein propounded the idea of gravitational curvature of the four-dimensional space-time continuum41 – 43. The world-line of orbital motion of the Earth is a helix and goedesic41. It is tempting to speculate that there could be a correlation between the helical world-line and the helical structure of the polynucleotide chains of the DNA molecule which is the first self-reproducing molecule to have formed in the beginning of the biological evolution.
We know that the diurnal rhythms (circadian rhythms) and annual rhythms observed in the activities, distribution and physiology of organisms are related to the time of day (24 hour basis) and season of the year. In some cases the rhythm is lunar. However, the physiological basis of this time sense of the organisms is unknown. The genetic code made up of DNA, acts as an intracellular computer for the structure and physiology of the cell30, 36 and governs the embryonic development leading to the formation of the body plan of the organisms. The relation of genetic code with the annual apparent motion of the Sun (equation 9) due to the movement of the Earth round the Sun might be one of the factors for the annual rhythms. The apparent diurnal revolution of the Sun due to the Earth’s rotation might be one of the reasons of diurnal rhythms. The large gravitational force exerted by the Sun not only holds the members of the Solar System together but also causes them to take part in its true movement, i.e. a movement relative to the adjacent fixed stars and a revolution (cosmic year) about the center of the Galactic System which itself is moving in the space. It is interesting to propose that  cosmic year might cause  biological rhythms on the Earth.

CELL  AND  ASTRONOMY :

Materials and Methods: Six normal healthy guinea pigs were anaesthetized with ether and sacrificed for the study of cells from organs viz. liver, pancreas, testis and ovary. The abdominal cavity was opened and above organs were dissected out and washed briefly in normal physiological saline solution. The organs were cut into small pieces and fixed immediately in carnoy fixative for 3 hours. After fixation, the specimens were washed well, dehydrated through a graded series of alcohol, cleared in xylene and embedded in paraffin Wax (E.Merk (India) Ltd., Bombay, m.p. 58oC). Sections were cut at 6 µm thickness and stained with haematoxylin and papanicolaou for observation under optical microscope.
The hepatic cells (liver), pancreatic acinar cells, primary spermatocytes (testis) and Oocytes (ovary) were studied and micrometric measurements done. The measurements of the size of the cells and their nuclei were made at random using ocular and stage micrometer. The shortest and longest diameters of each cell and nucleus were measured and the mean of two diameters was taken. Total 100 cells and nuclei were measured for each type of cells except the mature oocytes where 5 cells and nuclei were measured because mature oocytes are found less in number. The ratio of the size of nucleus and cell (N/C) was taken out for 100 cells and nuclei measured and their mean and standard deviation calculated.
Results: The experimental data are presented in table-3. The  N/C  ratios of each type of the cells studied are in the range of  r/R  ratios of exterior planets i.e. Mars and Jupiter and interior planets i.e. Venus and Mercury (Table-2). The DNA ratios of equation (2) and (3) are also in the same range of  r/R  ratios of these planets. The previous records44, 45 also show that in normal rabbits the  N/C  ratio of Leydig cell is 0.59 and of hepatic cell from different zones of the lobule is about 0.43, which are also in the same range of  r/R  ratios of Mercury, Venus, Mars and Jupiter. The possible effect of the Sun’s gravity on the organization of DNA molecule, which in turn governs the organization of the cell and nucleus30,36 , may be the reason of DNA ratios and  N/C  ratios of the cells being in the range of  r/R  ratios of Mercury, Venus, Mars and Jupiter. This reconciliation between DNA ratios,  N/C  ratios and  r/R  ratios may also be correlated to the fact that the density of Mercury, Venus and Mars are higher and they are nearer to the Earth in comparison to the other planets and that gravitating mass of Jupiter is very high in comparison to other planets.
It is clear from the table – 3 that in oocytes the size of cell and nucleus increases proportionately keeping the  N/C  ratio in the specified range of  r/R  ratios of these planets. In tetraploid hepatocytes too the size of the cell and nucleus increases so far as to maintain the  N/C  ratio in the specified range. Standard deviations of the size of hepatocytes and nuclei are higher because both diploid and tetraploid cells were included in the micrometric measurement.
DISCUSSION – Microcosm and Macrocosm
The data of the present investigation clearly show that the microscopical numbers i.e. the number of codons of the genetic code, number of amino acids and the average DNA ratio, which are common to all organisms, are functions of the astronomical numbers as shown in equation (6), (7) and (9). The study also implies a close relationship between the organizational plan of DNA molecule, cell and nucleus during organic evolution and the organizational plan of different planets in the Solar System during inorganic evolution (Table 1, 2 and 3). The possibility of universal gravity ruling the organizational plan of DNA molecule, cell and nucleus at least in the beginning of biological evolution cannot be ruled out. Newton’s law of gravitation is fundamental in celestial mechanics. Gravity rules the whole universe. It holds together the four hundred billion stars of our Milky Way; it makes the Earth revolve around the Sun and the Moon around the Earth. It includes double stars to revolve about each other and holds together star clusters and galaxies. Hoyle – Fowler11 work of 1963 on supermassive star has opened up a new field in astrophysics, called relativistic astrophysics where Newtonian gravity is replaced by Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Einstein has also suggested that gravitational fields play an essential role in the elementary formations which go to make up the atom41. Different combinations of the same atoms, obeying the same laws, compose both the inanimate and the living worlds. The evidence has been presented that virtually all electrons and nuclei of the atoms that are or have been part of living matter on the Earth come from almost all stars in our and nearby galaxies and even from all other galaxies in the universe46. Many scientists believing on underlying order in nature, search for an ultimate, unifying principle in the physical sciences as well as in biological sciences47. The present communication points out a unifying entity between the biological science and astronomical / astrophysical science.
It has been reported that the presence of organic, prebiotic molecules on the composite grain clumps in the interstellar medium and in carbonaceous chondrites could have led to the start and dispersal of biological activity on the Earth and elsewhere in the Galaxy48. Whether life originated on the Earth or anywhere in the vast expanses of interstellar space, as the evidence has been put forward48,  49, it is probable that the gravitational force, which played a key role in the organization of our Solar System and Galaxy and other galaxies of the universe, would also have played a significant role in the organization of the first self-reproducing molecule, DNA and the cell at least in the early stages of the biological evolution. The self-organization of self-reproducing polynucleotide chains of the nucleic acid50 in the beginning of biological evolution on the Earth might be governed by the force of gravity resulting in the syntheses of the genetic code (and life). Whether the recent genetic code represents the informational message transmitted by living systems of the previous cycle of universe  or it could originate on the Earth within the present cycle of the universe51, in both cases the gravitation would be the common influencing factor on the genetic code. The astrophysical entities like ultraviolet rays, gamma rays, X-rays, visible light, electrical discharges (lightening) and others have been reported to have played a significant role in the chemical evolution and the origin of life16, 21 – 23. A close relationship between the chemical evolution of life and the evolution of Earth’s crust has been reported52.
It seems that the influence of gravitational force on the development of genetic code was one of the significant steps in the beginning of biological evolution. The genetic programmed has played a significant role throughout the evolutionary process which has got practical uses in our everyday life17, 33 – 35. The genetic code works as an intracellular computer36 which governs the organization of the cell and nucleus30 and the phylogenetic evolution53. The embryonic development proceeds in a particular order and according to a precise schedule set by the genetic programme which determines when and where lines of differentiated cells will emerge, when and where different proteins will be made and in what amounts. Both the quality and quantity of different proteins vary in time and space during embryonic development. And in the adult, various types of cells and tissues contain different collections of molecular types in accordance with their specialized functions. Hence, the genetic programmed controls the formation of the body plan. If intelligent life exists elsewhere in the cosmos54, it is likely that the basic structural organization of genetic code and cell system would be the same as on the Earth because of the universal gravity acting in the space and time. But its form and size might differ to various degrees depending upon the presence of different environments throughout the evolutionary process. So, the extraterrestrial life might look like us with different degrees of deviation in the body plan depending upon which corner of the cosmos they belong. The large size of the dinosaurs, a group of reptiles that were dominant fauna during the Jurassic period about 150 million years ago, might also have been influenced by the specific environment present on the Earth. The marked changes in the environment during the end of Mesozoic era about 70 million years ago are considered one of the factors for extinction of these animals.
Thus, we see that the present investigation suggests a close correlation between the microscopical world and the astronomical world (equations (6), (7), (9),  tables1, 2, 3). Inorganic evolution and organic evolution may be seen to represent nothing but two different facets of the same cosmological phenomenon called gravitation. The present study points out the possible continuity through the integrated levels of organization from microcosm to macrocosm, and the work in this domain is in progress which will be communicated in the forthcoming paper. The present findings may open a new vistas in our understanding of the origin, evolution and structural organization of the universe1 – 14. It is tempting to speculate that the phenomenon of accretion of gas onto a massive blackhole at the galactic center3 and the jets of material ejected from the accretion disc around a blackhole, which expand and decay over a few days1, or the explosion of supernovae may be analogous with the phenomenon of assimilation (the process whereby the already digested foodstuffs are absorbed and utilized by the tissues) and secretion of material inside living organism. The process of stellar nucleosynthesis6, 14 may be analogous to the synthesis of substances in the cells of organisms. These analogies existing on the two different scale of space and time might appear unrelated initially. Although new information on galaxies, birth and death of stars are coming in55, there are many long-standing mysteries enveloping the universe. The advent of new generation of astronomical instruments opens new windows for the astronomers and may call for major revisions in the standard view of cosmology. Neutrino ‘telescopes’ are expected to give more detailed information about celestial objects like AGNs, massive blackholes, neutron stars and supernovae. My proposition is that an extensive and well co-ordinated work between different types of microscopes and telescopes could be able to reveal more mysteries enveloping the microcosm and macrocosm and thus bridging further the gaps between the disciplines like biology, chemistry and astronomy/astrophysics. The practical applicability of astronomy is often questioned in comparison to particle physics and medical sciences, but we see that it has got a direct bearing on the modern humans spearheading the biological evolution which is still in progress. Millions of people worldwide are the witness of the spectacular celestial phenomenon – Total Solar Eclipse, which also practically confirms the Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicting deflection of light due to Sun’s large gravitating mass causing curvature of space-time continuum in which life originated on the Earth.


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Acknowledgements:
I thank the Department of Anatomy, A.I.I.M.S., New Delhi where the author was post doctoral fellow and did Electron Microscopic work. The histocytological work was done both in the Department of Anatomy, A.I.I.M.S. and P.G. Department of Zoology, Patna University supported by UGC fellowship awarded to the author. I am thankful to my daughter, Pooja; son, Akash Amol and wife, Sapna who always supported me in my academic and research activities.


Table – 1 : Showing parameters of DNA molecule and their dimensions.
    ____________________________________________________
         Parameters                                                      Dimensions (nm)
    ____________________________________________________
a.      Average base pair length                                                1.095
b.      Average hydrogen bond length                                       0.292
c.       Diameter of DNA double helix                                         2.0
Table – 2 : Showing ratios of the mean values of Earth – Sun and Planet – Sun distances  (r/R)  for exterior planets and the inverse ratios for interior planets.
    ______________________________________________________
Planets                                                                          r/R  ratios

      Mercury                                                                                0.387
      Venus                                                                                    0.723
      Mars                                                                                      0.656
      Jupiter                                                                                    0.192
      Saturn                                                                                     0.105

Table – 3 : Showing the size of different types of Cell  (C)  and Nucleus  (N)  and  N/C  ratios*
______________________________________________________________________
Cell types           Cell size              Nuclear size                N/C  ratios
                            (µm)                                          (µm)


Pancreatic           12.080 ±1.148           6.418±0.377          0.530±0.060
cell  (100)       

Hepatocyte         19.200±2.848         10.479±4.548           0.538±0.166
(100)

Spermatocyte      14.950±1.605         10.182±0.700             0.679±0.057
(100)

Oocyte                 54.810±1.725       23.940±2.053             0.437±0.046
(5)
_______________________________________________________________________
* Data represents mean  ± standard deviation of 6 guinea pigs.
Figures in paranthesis indicate the number of cells included in micrometric measurements.


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